Annotated+Bibliographies

Hardman, John. Louis XVI: The Silent King. New York: Bloomsbury USA, June 2000.

**Key Terms: ** Silence, judgment, the people, interpret, stereotypes, Turgot, Necker, Convocation of the Assembly, Marie Antoinette, fear

**Major Claim: ** In his book John Hardman takes a new perspective on King Louis’s reign and his political ideologies. He also encourages his audience to see the king in a new light.  **Summary: ** Hardman argues that contrary to what many historians may think, the king was not a lazy, weak man dominated by his wife. He uses pieces of evidence like Louis’s letters and research he’s conducted on the king’s reign. His evidence concludes that the king loved his people, hated any form of war and regretted the lack of ethics on the international scene.

**Response: ** Personally, I agree with John Hardman and the many historians whohave a similar point of view. Not everything that occurred was Louis the 16th’s fault, technically he wasn’t even supposed to become king. He would have avoided the disaster had his father survived his illness. In any case the king took affirmative action to try and better the nation, yet it seemed like it just was not meant to be.

**Questions: ** “Necker was to weigh heavily on the remainder of Louis’s reign, and his first ministry, which lasted until 1781, is the subject of this chapter: the obscure circumstances of his appointment, his reliance on loans rather than icreased taxation, his tentative steps towards devolved government for the provinces, his demands of the King and his resignation shortly after publishing a misleadingly optimisticstatement of royal revenue and expenditure.

Hooker, Richard. The first Revolution. 6 June 1999. Washington State University. 27 April 2011. .


 * Key Terms**: Noble, Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Parlement, French Revolution, Inflation, Aristocrats, Peasantry.


 * Major Claim**: Under King Louis XVI’s ruling the poor and middle class were taxed highly, and the noble men had tax breaks which was to blame for inflation and unemployment in France.


 * Summary**: At the start of Louis's reign, Robert Turgot was his financial officer. He planned on saving France's economy by offering tax breaks to the middle class. When the Parlements dismissed these new ideas, Turgot was dismissed with them leaving Louis making financial desicions. The country fell into deep inflation and poverty because of Louis's lack of keeping the lower classes in mind.


 * Response**: I'm shocked that Turgot was dismissed. His ideas would have prevented a revolution. He had the best in mind for the country, and in history you barely see that. I am positive if his proposals did not fail the outcome would be far less worse. The poverty rates would not have been as low because the lower class people would not have been struggling.


 * Quotations:** "When the reforms failed, Louis dismissed Turgot." " the country would fall into ruinous financial crisis." "Tax collection, however, was a disaster." "He called the Estates General in 1788, and, without anyone knowing it, the Revolution had begun."

Jonathan Dewald. Vol. 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004. 552-554. Gale World History In

//Context. // Web.2 May. 2011.

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">** Key Terms: ** Marie-Antoinette, Louis, dominance, arrogance, parliament, Louis XV, Turgot, Necker, legacy, American rebellion, “king’s party”, Austrian alliance, dies bravely

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">** Major Claim: ** This source is clearly more sympathetic to the king and his actions, basically stating that although he seemed to try his best, he failed at surrounding himself with the proper advisors and creating the right image to his people.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">** Summary: ** This report gives a more thorough examination of the king’s marriage with Marie-Antoinette, summing it up as merely relationship for political gains. The author also goes into detail on the king’s advisors including liberal Anne Robert Jacques Turgot and the Genevan banker and reputed financial wizard Jacques Necker. The article conveyed the message that no matter who the king appointed or what he did to suppress the rebellions, nothing worked.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">** Response: ** I think I agree with this source primarily because evidence shows that the king tried to instigate effective reforms and hired a numerous amount of people to try and fix the nation’s problems. It seemed that though it wasn’t always in the way the people wanted, he was making an effort to do something in order to get through hard times.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">** Quotes: ** “As in the crises of 1789, Louis once again drew back from using his troops in a way that would cause major bloodshed. The rump of the assembly, from which the moderate deputies had fled, convoked a new Constitutional Convention; the Convention proclaimed a democratic Republic on 22 September, put the king on trial, and found him guilty of "conspiracy against public freedom and attacks on general state security." Louis died bravely on 21 January 1793.”

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Lever, Evelyn. Marie Antoinette: The Last Queen of France. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, March 2001.

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Key Terms: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> family, wedding at Versailles, hypocrisy, judgement, loneliness, enemies, entertainment, sex, confinement in the Tuileries, guillotine

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Major Claim: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> In this novel Lever tries to give some sort of reasoning as to why she was not the queen everyone expected her to be.

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Summary: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> If people were to look more closely at Marie-Antoninette’s life, family history and personality they would clearly see a young girl who was not prepared in the slightest for the world, much less to rule a country. She had an overbearing mother who married her off when she was a teenager for political gains and her life pretty much went downhill from there. She was thrown into a world she was neither mature nor knowledgable enough to survive in. Her life practically revolved around love, sex and slander.

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Response: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> Reading this book really helps me to understand Marie-Antoinette’s life and decisions. She married a man she wasn’t in love with when she was clearly too young to get married and lived in an entirely new place where society strongly disapproved of her. I suppose you could say I agree with the author in the sense that “of course she wan’t going to be a successful Queen, she wasn’t really a successful human being to begin with”.

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Questions: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> Why couldn’t she have married a king of a different country? Why couldn’t it have been later on in her life? Why didn’t the people spare her?

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Moote, A. Lloyd. "Louis XVI, King of France." //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. // Grolier Online, 2011. Web. 2 May. 2011.

<[|http://go.grolier.com]>. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Key Terms: ** Louis, Marie Antoinette, French Revolution, politics, French aristocratic society, Turgot, Necker, Calonne, States-General, Bastille, republic’s convention


 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Major Claim: ** This writer is only trying to report the facts to his audience, not necessarily take anyone’s side or put his own spin on these events.  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Summary: ** This author is primarily trying to report the events of King Louis the 16th’s rule as accurately as possible. He provides extensive background information for both the king and queen prior to their reign, including some family history. Compared to the other sources he also goes into a little bit of more detail on the job descriptions of those appointed by the king as well as a meticulous track of dates.


 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Response: ** This article is a great source because technically it’s not biased. Or at least, less so than any other source because its main purpose it to inform people of facts in history, not what anybody thinks of them. It also allows the reader to form their own opinions based on the facts they already know.

“An abortive attempt to flee France (the so-called Flight to Varennes, June 20, 1791) and popular fear of Louis's collusion with the Austrians and Prussians, who invaded France in 1792, led to a mob uprising against the monarchy in August 1792.”
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Quotes: “ ** After the failure of Charles [|Calonne], controller-general from 1783 to 1787, to steer tax reform past a royally appointed Assembly of Notables…..”

Stewart, John. A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution New York: Macmillan, 1951.


 * Key Terms**: Tyranny, dictate, laws, Swiss guards, Germany, Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, overthrow, money, treason,Constitution.


 * Major Claim**: Louis XVI was a terrible ruler, and cause France to have a bad name and he caused the middle class people of France to loose all their money by giving them high taxes because he believed the noble men like him did not have to pay.

Response: It's surprising that nobody in the legistlative branch did anything to stop his reign. There is a point when one has to draw the line, and if people drew the line sooner lives could have been saved and a lot of financial losses could have been prevented. But like WWII many could have been scared like they were scared of Hitler.
 * Summary**: When plans to resolve conflicts of France came about, such as a new Constituition, Louis said he would accept it and he made people believe it. He claimed that he would fix everything but he did everything in his power for it not to follow through. He bribed many of the people in the legistlative branch to get his way. When swiss men shot at the french citizens, he let it happen causing thirty three lives lost, many believe it could have prevented if Louis had done something.


 * Quotations**: "June you wished to dictate laws to the nation.'' "Louis, the French people accuses you of having committed a multitude of crimes in order to establish your tyranny by destroying its liberty." "The people’s money was wasted in achieving the success of this treason."